Washington Mutuals Covered Bonds Essay - 6008 Words

9-209-093 REV: OCTOBER 22, 2009 DANIEL B. BERGSTRESSER ROBIN GREENWOOD JAMES QUINN Wa ashingt Mu ton utuals C Covered Bond ds September of 20 was not a calm time fo the world’s capital mark 008 or s kets. On Sept tember 7 fede erallybacke mortgage loan compani Freddie M and Fann Mae were placed into c ed l ies Mac nie conservatorsh by hip the U.S. governme a move de ent, esigned to sta abilize the em mbattled lenders. On Mond day, Septemb 15, ber global investment bank Lehma Brothers filed for Cha an apter 11 bank kruptcy protection. Broa US ad equity market inde y exes dropped by as much as 5 percent as rumors s d h t spread about potential liqu uidity crises at other majo financial in or†¦show more content†¦This publica ation may not be digitized, photoco opied, or otherwise reproduced, poste or transmitted, w ed, without the permis ssion of Harvard Bu usiness School. 209-093 Washington Mutuals Covered Bonds the pool; an investor in a covered bond had recourse to the issuer, as well as a claim that was secured by the mortgages.2 The mortgages collateralizing the covered bond were called the â€Å"cover pool†. Covered bonds were typically structured so as to receive a rating of AAA or AA from the major rating organizations (AAA denoted instruments of the highest quality). One important difference between covered bonds and MBS was that the set of mortgages securing the covered bond were dynamic; in contrast, mortgages comprising a MBS remained static once the security was issued. In the case of a covered bond, mortgages that experienced delinquencies were generally substituted out of the pool, with performing mortgages replacing them. Just as the individual mortgages in the cover pool were dynamic, the total size of the cover pool was dynamic as well. The amount of overcollateralization (i.e., the extent to which the size of the cover pool would exceed the face value of the covered bonds) would adjust dynamically depending on the financial health of the issuer. Exhibit 6 shows how recently, as WaMu had been downgraded by theShow MoreRelatedFinancial Bubble Essay1927 Words   |  8 Pagesoffering for Corning? 7. What should Flaws do? Case study: Fixed income analysis and behavioral finance Case: Washington Mutual’s covered bonds (9-209-093) i. How does a covered bond compare to an unsecured obligation of a financial institution? To a mortgage-backed security? ii. In late July 2008, the US Treasury Secretary said that covered bonds had the â€Å"potential to increase mortgage financing, improve underwriting standards, and strengthen U.S. financial

Motivation Theories - 1577 Words

â€Å"Motivation is the will and desire that a person has to engage in a particular behaviour or perform a particular task† (Lawley King, P269). In life motivation will be needed to enhance the workforce in various ways, many organisations will use motivation to increase the percentage yield of an individual or to make an individual feel a part of the business or organisation. Incentives have a huge influence on behaviourist extrinsic approach. In addition other aspects; humanist theorist, intrinsic approach, Taylorism and Fordism have a part in perception of motivation. The first theory is incentive theory which suggests people are motivated to do things because of external rewards after an action is preformed which is linked to†¦show more content†¦Both of these can be seen at such content by Maslow (1943). In regards to pay which is extrinsic, plus linked to Taylorism. Taylor based his views on motivation on the conjecture of homo economics by believing people are just motivated by pay and economic alone, he based this on his principles were he used a scientific method to study work and determine the most efficient way to perform specific tasks, he match workers to their jobs based on capabilities plus incentives, and trained them to work at maximum efficiency by monitoring worker performance by supervising to ensure that theyre using the most efficient ways of working. This allows workers to work while managers allocate training, so workers work effectively. Taylor felt that workers should get a fair days pay for a fair days work, and that pay should be linked to the amount produced. Workers who did not deliver would be paid less. Vice versa workers who exceeded the target would be paid more. Taylorism can be linked to Fordism in relation to pay. Henry Ford introduced the $5 rather than piece rate, this came with wholesale mechanization and rationalization and exceedingly controlled operational conditions (Lawley King) workers dislikedShow MoreRelatedTheories Of Motivation And Motivation Theories1493 Words   |  6 Pagesextent, needs of theories of motivation are still relevant to contemporary management practice. Theories of motivation are important as it helps managers to understand their employees’ needs of motivations, and to motivate their employees to perform and excel better. There are several motivation theories; this essay will briefly explain six major theories of motivation and discuss three of the theories in more detail. This essay will also explain the needs theories of motivation, and will focus onRead MoreMotivation Theory : Motivation And Motivation846 Words   |  4 PagesProfessor Jones Psychology April 28 2016 Motivation Theories Having motivation to do something is very important. Motivation plays a huge roll in everyone’s life, even If someone has very little motivation. There are several types of motivation such as Instinct and drive motivation. These two motivations are quite similar, but different at the same time. I will compare and contrast both of these types of motivation and what I think about them. These motivations are very important to your life and canRead MoreMotivation Theories Of Motivation And Motivation Essay1020 Words   |  5 Pages Overview of Presentation What is motivation? Cognitive theories of Motivation Forms of Motivation Motivation Theories Profile of Motivational Problems How to Motivate Students What is Motivation? Many different theorists have tried to define what is meant by motiviation. Urdan and Schoenfelder (2006) defined Motivation as follows: â€Å"Motivation is a complex part of human psychology and behavior that influences how individuals choose to invest their time, how much energy they exert in any givenRead MoreMotivation And Theory Of Motivation1464 Words   |  6 PagesIt is suggested by psychologists that motivation can be understood as a technique that works as a model that starts and maintains behaviours. The reason we all act or do something is caused by motivation; it is related to the emotions, biology and the social factors that influence behaviour. It is usually a term used to explain why an individual will do something, the reasons behind that action. Moreover, The term motivation refers to factors that activate, direct, and sustain goal-directed behaviourRead MoreThe Theory Of Motivation And Motivation1401 Words   |  6 Pages Schools of thought in relation to motivation refer to the theories developed by different psychologists to explain motivation in dept. it is crucial to understand motivation and the factors that cause it since it contributes to achievement of one’s goal and desires in life. Therefore, motivation can be described as the process of enticing an individual through a reward to increase the occurrence of a specified behavior in an organization. Different factors can be used as motivators in an organizationRead MoreThe Theory Of Motivation And Motivation1010 Words   |  5 PagesMotivation is defined as an act or process that inspires and stimulates a person to be an effort to achieve a goal. It not only puts employees in act, but also makes them feel interesting with their job. As a result, most of employees are feeling satisfaction with their job, becoming creativity, innovation and productivity as well. However, to successful in motivating the staff is required an appropriate met hod that meets with all staff’s need. Otherwise, it is seems to useless in driving the employeesRead MoreMotivation Theory And Expectancy Theory Of Motivation1742 Words   |  7 Pagesplace. This problem mainly occurs in organisation when there is lack of motivation, lack of organisational justice, negative culture and low morale. The purpose of this case study is to give brief view about, why employees had to face these problems and how to make positive culture and what and where the changes are required for the WA force. This report introduces MARS motivation theory and Expectancy theory of motivation for improves officers’ behaviours towards force, with that how can they fillRead MoreMotivation Theories And Motivation Of Employee Motivation Essay1517 Words   |  7 Pagescontrol and some that are not. Employee motivation is something that can directly affect an organizations production. It is no secret that un-motivated employees equates to un-productive workers, but how can we combat this? In order to better understand this concept we will look at the definition of employee motivation, some of the motivation theories and some motivation techniques that could be useful in our organizations. What is employee motivation? Motivation is a word used quite often in many differentRead MoreMotivation Theories1236 Words   |  5 PagesThe four motivation theories are Biological theory, Psychosocial theory of motivation, Biopsychosocial, and Achievement theory. Everyone has their own motivation in life for continuing education, and career choices. Each person also has Intrinsic and Extrinsic motivators. Intrinsic is an internal motivation for self satisfaction. Extrinsic is an external motivation, or reward for a person’s accomplishment. Motivation Theories: Linda was motivated to go back to school because she wanted an educationRead MoreThe Importance Of Motivation And Motivation Theory1401 Words   |  6 Pagesperformance. Therefore motivation is one of the most complex and important topics in industrial and organizational psychology (Smither ,1997). The main purpose of this essay is to explain different kinds of motivation and why it is necessary, and create a proper motivation mechanism for the company. On the one hand, I studied current research and research different motivation theories. On the other hand, I will compare the common and different things among these motivation theories, and try to find

Hard Work Is the Key to Success Free Essays

I am writing this content only those who are fresh graduate and wondering full time or part time work. First of all, I say that graduation is not top part where you have reached. It is just first step. We will write a custom essay sample on Hard Work Is the Key to Success or any similar topic only for you Order Now You should study post-graduation. If you do not do it regularly, you should study it through correspondence. Master degree is must before wondering full time work because next two years will give you more learning skills. Now, when you go for wondering work, you should remember that your hard work is the key of your success. No work is bad. There may be more quality in small work. Education increases our power to give better service. So, you can do your work from any small service. It may be the duty of salesman. It may be the duty supervisor or tutor. You do that duty with full of hard work. Sweat from your body is the sign that success is very near to you. It may be possible that your family’s financial condition is not good. I ask one question from you whether only to say this to other is sufficient. No, never! Nobody will give you any financial help. Nobody will give you money. Yes you can do labor. Yes you can sell the small products. Yes, you can do duty and earn money. This earned money can only support your family. This earned money can power to your family. Why are you wasting time just telling your weak family condition. Use same time to get new idea for hard work. How to cite Hard Work Is the Key to Success, Essay examples

PESTLE for H&M Fashion Company-Free-Samples -Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the PESTLE for HM Fashion Company. Answer: PESTLE For HM fashion company P- Political factors The HM fashion company is well-known company Swedish multinational clothing-retail. The company is going to open the business in new Asia regions that include Turkey, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, Singapore and Malaysia (HM, 2017). Each region of Asia there is separate trade regulations and laws that need to be followed by the company. For instance, Singapore levies 7% Goods and Services Tax (GST) and 99% of all imports enter duty-free. Similarly, each country has different trade regulations that can impact the working and the expansion plans of the company (Export.gov., 2017). There are certain regulations related to the license that can become the huddle in the formation of the business. E-Economical factors The economic factors include inflation, employment, purchasing power and recession. The income of the Asia regions are increasing form last few decades and this shows that there is a rise in the purchasing power of the Asia regions (Barua, 2017). The graph below shows the increase in the income:- The inflation rate of regions of Asia is increasing which bring the rise in the demand of the customers and this economic helps the company to make a profit out of these countries. S-Social factors The social factors are directly related to the customers, the increasing awareness of the knowledge in the customer is making the company be transparent with the customers. The HM fashion company is operating the business in the Middle East and in Asia. This is the reason they should keep this on account that there are social and cultural differences such as language, religion, and outfit of the men and women (Yu, and Shi, 2013). Considering, the Asia regions company need to bring the changes in the products that they are offering to the customers. The youth of the Asia will definitely like to prefer the fashionable and designers outfits. T-Technological factors The technologic is adopted by each and every company in todays world. The company is opening the online stores in Asia, so the company should provide the portal more convenient for the customers with the use of the technology (Samoilenko, 2016). The mobile app use should be provided to the customers and apart from this company should try to develop more innovative strategies with the use of technology that helps the company to compete in the market. L-Legal factors The legal factors should be taken care of the company while operating the business in the Asia regions. The company should trademark and patent on the products that they are going to provide in the Asia regions so that the company doesn't have to face any disputes. These disputes can harm the working of the company in the regions (Ho, 2014). The company needs to provide the wages considering the laws related to the minimum wages act of different countries. E-Environmental factors The environmental factors are must to be followed by the company as this is the social responsibility of the company. The HM fashion company understands the value of the environment and the company works accordingly. The aim of the company is to be 100% circular and renewable by the year 2030 that means that company is looking to manufacture the new product from the old products (HM, 2017). In Asia regions, the company wants to make use of the recycled and the durable material. By doing so the company is fulfilling the environmental laws of the Asia regions References Barua, A., 2017, Asias retail spending boom: Shoppers go on a frenzy, and why not?, Viewed on 6th November 2017, https://dupress.deloitte.com/dup-us-en/economy/asia-pacific-economic-outlook/2017/q2-asia-retail-spending-boom.html Export.gov., 2017, Trade Regulations, Customs and Standards, Viewed on 6th November 2017, https://2016.export.gov/singapore/doingbusinessinsingapore/traderegulationscustomsandstandards/index.asp HM, 2017, About Us, Viewed on 6th November 2017, https://about.hm.com/en/about-us/markets-and-expansion.html Ho, J.K.K., 2014. Formulation of a systemic PEST analysis for strategic analysis. European academic research, 2(5), pp.6478-6492. Samoilenko, A., 2016. E-commerce in Russia: Challenges and Opportunities: Russian e-commerce market for local and foreign enterpreneurs. Yu, Y. and Shi, Z., 2013. Customer satisfaction in the fashion industry: Case study of HM case company.

Patriotism Essays (2410 words) - Nonviolence, Pacifism, Peace

Patriotism Patriotism By Charles Eliot Norton Address before the Men's Club of the Prospect Street Congregational Church, Cambridge, Mass., June 7, 1898. There are moments in every man's life, in the life of every nation, when, under the excitement of passion, the simple truths which in common times are the foundation upon which the right order and conduct of life depend are apt to be forgotten and disregarded. I shall venture tonight to recall to you some of these commonplace truths, which in these days of war need more than ever to be kept in mind. There never was a land that better deserved the love of her people than America, for there never was a mother-country kinder to her children. She has given to them all that she could give. Her boundless resources have lain open to them, to use at their will. And the consequence has been that never in the history of man has there been so splendid a spectacle of widely diffused and steadily increasing material welfare as America has displayed during the last hundred years. Millions upon millions of men have lived here with more comfort, with less fear, than any such numbers elsewhere in any age have lived. Countless multitudes, whose forefathers from the beginning of human life on earth have spent weary lives in unrewarded toil, in anxiety, in helplessness, in ignorance, have risen here, in the course of even a single generation, to the full and secure enjoyment of the fruits of their labor, to confident hope, to intelligent possession of their own faculties. Is not the land to be dear ly loved in which this has been possible, in which this has been achieved? But there is a deeper source of love of country than the material advantages and benefits it may afford. It is in the character of its people, in their moral life, in the type of civilization which they exhibit. The elements of human nature are indeed so fixed that favorable or unfavorable circumstances have little effect upon its essential constitution, but prosperity or the reverse brings different traits into prominence. The conditions which have prevailed in America have, if broadly considered, tended steadily and strongly to certain good results in the national character; not, indeed, to unmixed good, but to a preponderance of good. The institutions established for self-government have been founded with intent to secure justice and independence for all. The social relations among the whole body of the people, are humane and simple. The general spirit of the people is liberal, is kindly, is considerate. The ideals for the realization of which in private and public conduct there i s more or less steady and consistent effort, are as high and as worthy as any which men have pursued. Every genuine American holds to the ideal of justice for all men, of independence, including free speech and free action within the limits of law, of obedience to law, of universal education, of material well-being for all the well-behaving and industrious, of peace and good-will among men. These, however far short the nation may fall in expressing them in its actual life, are, no one will deny it, the ideals of our American democracy. And it is because America represents these ideals that the deepest love for his country glows in the heart of the American, and inspires him with that patriotism which counts no cost, which esteems no sacrifice too great to maintain and to increase the influence of these principles which embody themselves in the fair shape of his native land, and have their expressive symbol in her flag. The spirit of his patriotism is not an intermittent impulse; it is an abiding principle; it is the strongest motive of his life; it is his religion. And because it is so, and just in proportion to his love of the ideals for which his country stands, is his hatred of whatever is opposed to them in private conduct or public policy. Against injustice, against dishonesty, against lawlessness, against whatever may make for war instead of peace, the good citizen is always in arms. No thoughtful American can have watched the course of affairs among us during the last thirty years without grave anxiety from the

Geography and Climate of the Great Plains essays

Geography and Climate of the Great Plains essays The geography and climate of the Great Plains area of the United States has seen some changes in the past, and will assuredly see changes in the future. These changes have affected the people and land of that area, and forced them adapt, improvise and overcome. As a primary example, the native Indian tribes of the Great Plains area would have to adjust their lifestyle due to a climate or geography changes and the impact upon varieties of plants, animals and sacred sites used for traditional economies and religious purposes. Cultural and ceremonial traditions often require specific indigenous species and access to specific locations, and if said locations or species of plants etc are disturbed, the Great Plains Indians have a cultural problem. Tribal obligations between the peoples of the area raise the relationship between what might happen to distant regional environments and the local reservation. Many members have therefore left the reservations to look for work in urban areas once a climate or geographical change has occurred. This was dramatically seen in the extreme weather conditions of the winter and spring of 1997. Many northern Plains tribes, such as Standing Rock and the Cheyenne River Reservations, were hit with extreme snowfalls which paralyzed transportation and communication for weeks at a time. As the weather warmed, localized flooding caused problems with homes and crops on some of these reservations. Both situations taxed the limited financial resources of area tribes. However, the extreme flooding and evacuation of cities like Grand Forks, North Dakota caused further strain on reservation resources, because family members who had left for urban areas would come home to reservations like Standing Rock a nd Turtle Mountain in order to help. Another example would be the current melting of Rocky Mountain glaciers, which has critical consequences on the Northern Plains water resources and Indian water rights. Genera...

Refugees and Migrants Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Refugees and Migrants - Essay Example It is the differences in leaving one’s country which makes a person labeled as a refugee, migrant, immigrant, asylum seeker, or a safe-haven seeker. But they all share one common fact. They are aliens in a foreign country and hold second class status to the people who were born in that state. We should start of first by understanding what is basically a refugee and a migrant. A refugee is defined as an individual who has forcefully been made to leave his home country due to a fear of being persecuted or feeling his life to be threatened. Refugees are often outcasts in their home country due to a difference in race, religion, nationality, or being part of a social group which is not accepted by the current government. But not all refugees are in such a state due to human influences. People escaping famines and pestilence are also included into the broad category of refugees (NCCA 2008). A migrant, however, is defined as a person who leaves his/her country in search of better jo bs (Dictionary.com 2008). They leave their country using their own discretion without any influences such as coercion or force. This can clearly give a picture between the distinction between the two groups of people. While refugees are fleeing their country to save their own lives and lives of their families, migrants basically leave their countries to find work. The difference lies in the motivation for leaving their country. Before basically delving into the argument as to why migrants and refugees should be handled differently we will try to see what arguments are placed for considering them as one and the same. Many sources, usually egalitarian in nature, argue that since both groups of people are displaced from their home countries they should be welcomed by any new society and provided support. A policy known as "non-refoulement" exists, an international policy, which aims at protecting the rights of refugees. According to this policy people who have become refugees and arrive at a new state are not to be returned back to their home states and should be openly welcomed. 140 states have signed the non-refoulement policy which makes them prime states for refugees to seek a new life in (Jose Riera). But that is one of the only few valid arguments given by anyone. Because other than that, in reality a feature noted in most developed nations is that their laws, if at best not hostile towards refugees, are often biased to the nature of being cruel. For example, in an article by amnesty international's Australian edition it states how even though Australia has signed a number of treaties which enforce it to treat refugees well but in truth these refugees are detained in places where the Australian law is not valid hence these refugees cannot even demand non-refoulement since the policy is not valid in that area (Mark 2007). The reason why we such instances in newspapers of people being detained and arrested when trying to cross the border into another country is that it is becoming more and more difficult for the host country's to manage the inflow of these immigrants/refugees. The sheer volume of the incoming people is a burden on most countries who now, not only have to meet the needs of their own citizens but must also take care of these new people who are not always productive factors for the country. The refugees require lodging, sustenance and shelter which are costs the host country must bear. Not only that, but finding new jobs and work opportunities for these new people is also a taxing job for the government. In recent years there is also a security risk in permitting foreign individuals with no proper documentation and records into

Major Project Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Major Project - Coursework Example In addition, it affects businesses and government ministries across all countries in the world. Increased competition, which has been on the rise thanks to globalization and technological advancements, has led to increased employee turnover (Ucho, Mkavga & Onyishi, 2012). Globalization has increased demands on companies and for an organization to survive these pressures; it has to follow the best practices that ensure that its human resource is nurtured well. When the human resource is satisfied, chances are high that employee turnover would be reduced. It is worth noting that organizations must aim to trim down costs at all times and these include work force training as well as technological costs. Following increased employee turnover, it is impossible to cut the labor training costs because the organization would be on the lookout for new employees at all times. To replace an employee, an organization has to spend more than a third of the new employee’s salary according to United States Department of Labor. This leads to increased costs, which could be eliminated by reducing employee turnover (Chawla & Sondhi, 2011). According to Coomber & Barriball (2007), employee turnover is not an issue that affects the private sector alone; it also affects government ministries across the world. In Britain, National Health Service reports that the number of nurses who voluntarily leave their jobs per year is worrying. In 2003, nursing staff turnover was 9.4% in the country. Nurses play a critical role in the health of the public in any given country. Following the increasing number of people with chronic diseases, long life expectancy and advance in medical technology, the number of needed nurses is increasing every day. When the turnover is high, the remaining staff members are pressurized to cover the posts left vacant by the departed colleagues and this increases stress on the remaining staff. This in the end,

Critically evaluate how people resourcing policies and practices can Essay

Critically evaluate how people resourcing policies and practices can influence the level of employee commitment and engagement with in the workplace - Essay Example licies may not be that effective and these can be discussed in the light of theoretical analysis to show how company policies can influence the level of employee commitment and engagement. Employee engagement is defined by Vance (2006) in plain business language and he says that, â€Å"Though different organizations define engagement differently, some common themes emerge. These themes include employees’ satisfaction with their work and pride in their employer, the extent to which people enjoy and believe in what they do for work and the perception that their employer values what they bring to the table (Vance, 2006, Pg. 2)†. This definition is very applicable in business terms since it allows companies not only to create a level of engagement based on the factors mentioned above but also gauge the level of engagement which employees have. Under this definition, those companies who are helping people enjoy their work, show commitment to the people working for the company and help them when they need to be motivated will eventually have employees who are more committed than others. The psychological contract also plays a role here since the individuals who are engaged with the company and are said to be committed are expected to believe in what they are working with and they need to have pride in their employer. The psychological contract itself is defined as the unwritten contract between the employer and the employee regarding the commitment which they both have to each other (Barnett et. al., 2004). To show the importance of employee commitment and engagement, two examples are used as pertinent cases. These are international companies who have shown how engaging and committing employees is possible through several different means and they also show the advantages which a company can gain if the employees working for the company are fully engaged with active psychological contracts. The examples also show what could happen if employees become disengaged from

Modern society in the UK and Saudi Arabia

Modern society in the UK and Saudi Arabia Modern society has many definitions and this essay will introduce one of them, It is a society indicated that same modern about a basis of age, or technological and social or indeed anything else. Moreover, is the modern period of the developed world different to that of the less developed world .(Llexperts) Saudi Arabia and the United Kingdom have similarities in modern society such as the Monarchy and differences in modern society such as the culture. Also, they have differences and similarities in youth culture, social welfare, gender roles, and population and I will describe them later in the main body for this essay. I have chosen this topic because I am studying in the United Kingdom and I want learn and research more about the modern society in the UK and I will compare modern society in the UK and Saudi Arabia. First of all, will be given information about the youth culture in Saudi Arabia and the UK such as what the young people prefer of clothes, sport, carsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦etc. Secondly, compare and evaluate the social welfare such as education, social programme, hospital. In the UK and Saudi Arabia. Finally, the gender roles in the UK and Saudi Arabia what job they prefer and what the opportunity for them in the future. Analysis: In youth culture mean what distinguishes human rights as an object sane thinker develops ideas and knowledge by thinking and experiences and learn from others, and of the basic instincts shared by human and animal is jealous of assembly youth culture in general Indicates to the ways of young people such as teens differentiate themselves from the general culture of their community. There are many differences and similarities between the youth culture in the UK and the KSA. The main difference between the young people in the UK and the KSA is that in the UK most of young people spend the time at the weekend in the pop or club with the friends while in the KSA most of young people spend the time with the family and friends in the house, beach, and coffee shop. That mean the crime is increase in the UK at the weekend because the young people were drunk and did behave badly whereas in the KSA better and they will do behave well.(BBC) Young people in the United Kingdom and Saudi Arabia are similar in that they have interested for sport, according to, (Haynes, R. 1995). Says that The Football Imagination is the first in-depth study of football fanzine (fan magazine) culture, contributing to the extensive body of knowledge on the football industry which has developed over the past 25 years in the UK and Europe As will as sporting, United Kingdom and Saudi Arabia are similar in terms of slang, More importantly, they share the same cultural beliefs. But maybe this custom can be effect for the Arabic and English language because nobody can be use the old language and maybe the people has forgotten it also make the language difficult for the people who need to learn other language. Gender mean that eliminating gender disparity, or otherwise cancel the impact of biological differences between the sexes and to prevent without taking into account those differences when dealing with the distribution of roles and functions between the sexes; where indicates that the concept of gender roles that have been classified social impact of the community.(moheet). According to faqs says that What is male? What is female? Your answers to these questions may depend on the types of gender roles you were exposed to as a child. Gender roles can be defined as the behaviors and attitudes expected of male and female members of a society by that society. Gender roles vary. Different cultures impose different expectations upon the men and women who live in that culture. The United States has experienced tremendous upheaval and revising of its traditional gender roles in the last generation. These changes in gender roles affect the home, the workplace, and the school, and they affect all Americans to some degree. There are many differences and similarities between the gender roles in the UK and the KSA. The main difference between the girl in the UK and KSA is that in the UK, the girl can drive a car, whereas in the KSA the girl can not drive as well. But may be in the future the girl will drive because there are no differences between the girl and men also according to the king Abdullah says women well be drive a car in future in the KSA nearly. While the people in the UK male and female can work together as a one team, the people in the KSA male and female can not work together unless in the specific job such as the bank or the companies. Because the culture in the KSA it does not accept that. Even though, mix gender in work has some advantages for example, will increase competition with the other, the women will try to prove their presence in the work, and the man will be interested in appearance and dressed, whenever he went to his job. Also, mix gender in the work has some disadvantages such as Sexual harassment. According to ( Hinsliff,G. 2006) says A hidden world of sexual harassment, with female managers exploiting their power over men in the office, has been unveiled by a new government survey. Despite the common stereotype of the male executive putting pressure on his secretary, two in five victims of sexual harassment are men, the study found. A quarter of the men questioned in the Department of Trade and Industry survey reported being pestered by a client whom they also felt obliged to please. According to the Equal Opportunities Commission, 8 per cent of calls to its sexual harassment helpline are from men, even though research shows male victims are less likely than women to complain. It insists that male complaints should be taken just as seriously. It affects both women and men, causing stress, health problems and financial penalties when they leave their jobs to avoid it, said Jenny Watson, chair of the EOC. Legally, sexual harassment is defined not just as lecherous behavior such as groping, but as any form of denigration of workers because of their sex. Male victims were more likely than women to complain of the second kind of harassment where a female manager treats women more favorably than men or criticizes male employees more regularly . As well as women can not drive in the KSA, UK and KSA are differences in the facility for the women such as sport the women in the KSA they do not have choice to play sport where as in the UK they can play. Football, rugby, and swimming. Welfare mean that the range of efforts made by the State through it is institutions, and members of the community through the efforts of volunteers to achieve social welfare and housing programs include social security and child careà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.etc. Also, the social welfare mean the Pattern of services the organization that are submitted by families or the countries or voluntary organizations to prevent or improve the social conditions.( ejtemay) According to wikipedia says Welfare or welfare work consists of actions or procedures especially on the part of governments and institutions striving to promote the basic well-being of individuals in need. These efforts usually strive to improve the financial situation of people in need but may also strive to improve their employment chances and many other aspects of their lives including sometimes their mental health. In many countries, most such aid is provided by family members, relatives, and the local community and is only theoretically available from government sources. In American English, welfare is often also used to refer to financial aid provided to individuals in need, which is called benefit(s) or welfare benefits in British English. Welfare can take a variety of forms, such as monetary payments, subsidies and vouchers, health services, or housing. Welfare can be provided by governments, non-governmental organizations, or a combination of the two. Welfare schemes may be funded directly by governments, or in social insurance models, by the members of the welfare scheme . UK and KSA are dissimilar in education, especially with fee. Students in KSA can study without pay anything, whereas students in UK have paid for that. According to wikipedia.org says Undergraduates pay up to  £3000 per annum (capped) in top-up fees and Postgraduates typically pay  £3000 per annum however some institutions charge more ,while students in KSA have got monthly allowance from government to encourage them.(moe) Health care system in the United Kingdom and Saudi Arabia are similar in that they have good health care system according to Wikipedia.org says Healthcare in the United Kingdom is a devolved matter, meaning England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales each has its own system of private and publicly-funded healthcare, together with alternative, holistic and complementary treatments. Public healthcare is provided to all UK permanent residents and is free at the point of need being paid for from general taxation. Taken together, the World Health Organization, in 2000, ranked the provision of healthcare in the United Kingdom as fifteenth best in Europe and eighteenth in the world. Also, KSA has good health care system according to www.moh.gov.sa says The positions of access or the health of the population of Saudi Arabia to the fullest extent possible and the best in terms of justice and equality in care and in terms of effectiveness and the possibility of carrying the financial burde n of treatment and health care and to work in order to reach the level of the consumer to satisfy his ambitions, by providing this special home health services and the public with a high level of quality and services to cover the entire population Finally, there are differences between the UK and KSA for the housing that the UK support the people whereas the KSA it does not. According to Page Richard (223:1999) says that In 1900 around 10 per cent of housing was owner occupied and 90 per cent was rented from privet landlords and in 1995 , 77 per cent dwelling in the UK were either owner occupied or rented from privet landlords Conclusion: The most striking feature that British government help the British people more than Saudis government but some of the young people did not care. Also, the UKs government help the people by give them houses as a free whereas the Saudis government did not do it. The KSA government support the students by give them scholarships to study outside the country at about 20000 students in the UK and 40000 students in the USA also in Canada, Australia, Japan, France, China, Spain, New Zealand, Germany, and Malaysia at about 150000 students . (moe)

Wireless Protocols :: essays research papers fc

Wireless Protocols As with all data transmission technologies, protocols govern the manner in which information is transferred between stations. A protocol is simply an agreed upon standard that all parties use to ensure that different devices can communicate with each other. Wireless protocols can be discussed on their own, and where they fit in the OSI protocol suite. For the sake of clarity, we will limit our discussion to wireless network implementations. Wireless protocols typically reside in layers 1 and 2, the application and presentation layers, respectively, of the OSI model. These two layers help direct how the data is gathered from the end station and prepared for transmission. The main wireless protocol are: IEEE 802.11 covering wireless Ethernet; 802.15 dealing with wireless personal area networks (WPAN), including Bluetooth technology; and 802.16 for broadband wireless access. 802.11 The IEEE 802.11 specification family consists of four different, primary specifications: †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  802.11 – applies to wireless LANs and provides 1 or 2 Mbps transmission in the 2.4 GHz band using either frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) or direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS). †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  802.11a – an extension to 802.11 that applies to wireless LANs and provides up to 54 Mbps in the 5GHz band. 802.11a uses an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing encoding scheme rather than FHSS or DSSS. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  802.11b (also referred to as 802.11 High Rate or Wi-Fi) – an extension to 802.11 that applies to wireless LANS and provides 11 Mbps transmission (with a fallback to 5.5, 2 and 1 Mbps) in the 2.4 GHz band. 802.11b uses only DSSS. 802.11b was a 1999 ratification to the original 802.11 standard, allowing wireless functionality comparable to Ethernet. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  802.11g – applies to wireless LANs and provides 20+ Mbps in the 2.4 GHz band. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  802.11n – applies to future standards for wireless data transmission that promises a maximum bandwidth of 108 Mbps through the use of multiple antennas (MIMO). Strangely, the order of inception is not alphabetical. Rather, the specifications developed as follows: 802.11; 802.11b; 802.11a; 802,11g; and the projected 802.11n. The 802.11 family specifies the way in which wireless devices communicated with wired LAN base stations, or access points. Wireless-to-wired communication is known as infrastructure mode. A second mode, known as ad hoc mode, specifies the manner in which direct communication between wireless devices occurs. Three of the four current specifications use the 2.4 GHz band. This is an unlicensed bandwidth, which means it is available free of charge to anyone with the technical to use it. Wireless Protocols :: essays research papers fc Wireless Protocols As with all data transmission technologies, protocols govern the manner in which information is transferred between stations. A protocol is simply an agreed upon standard that all parties use to ensure that different devices can communicate with each other. Wireless protocols can be discussed on their own, and where they fit in the OSI protocol suite. For the sake of clarity, we will limit our discussion to wireless network implementations. Wireless protocols typically reside in layers 1 and 2, the application and presentation layers, respectively, of the OSI model. These two layers help direct how the data is gathered from the end station and prepared for transmission. The main wireless protocol are: IEEE 802.11 covering wireless Ethernet; 802.15 dealing with wireless personal area networks (WPAN), including Bluetooth technology; and 802.16 for broadband wireless access. 802.11 The IEEE 802.11 specification family consists of four different, primary specifications: †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  802.11 – applies to wireless LANs and provides 1 or 2 Mbps transmission in the 2.4 GHz band using either frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) or direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS). †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  802.11a – an extension to 802.11 that applies to wireless LANs and provides up to 54 Mbps in the 5GHz band. 802.11a uses an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing encoding scheme rather than FHSS or DSSS. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  802.11b (also referred to as 802.11 High Rate or Wi-Fi) – an extension to 802.11 that applies to wireless LANS and provides 11 Mbps transmission (with a fallback to 5.5, 2 and 1 Mbps) in the 2.4 GHz band. 802.11b uses only DSSS. 802.11b was a 1999 ratification to the original 802.11 standard, allowing wireless functionality comparable to Ethernet. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  802.11g – applies to wireless LANs and provides 20+ Mbps in the 2.4 GHz band. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  802.11n – applies to future standards for wireless data transmission that promises a maximum bandwidth of 108 Mbps through the use of multiple antennas (MIMO). Strangely, the order of inception is not alphabetical. Rather, the specifications developed as follows: 802.11; 802.11b; 802.11a; 802,11g; and the projected 802.11n. The 802.11 family specifies the way in which wireless devices communicated with wired LAN base stations, or access points. Wireless-to-wired communication is known as infrastructure mode. A second mode, known as ad hoc mode, specifies the manner in which direct communication between wireless devices occurs. Three of the four current specifications use the 2.4 GHz band. This is an unlicensed bandwidth, which means it is available free of charge to anyone with the technical to use it.